Space-time theorem
(Also see the Dimensions page)
Space-time theorem establishes that a Causal Agent beyond space and time created the space-time dimensions of the universe. This statement is true if:
If the universe has mass (it does) and
The universe is expanding (it is) and
The theory of general relativity is true. (it has been proven beyond any reasonable doubt.
One of the authors of these theorems, Alexander Vilenkin, wrote: “With the proof now in place, cosmologists can no longer hide behind the possibility of a past eternal universe. There is no escape, they have to face the problem of a cosmic beginning.”
The "problem" Alexander Vilenkin is writing about is only a problem for those who do not like that study of the universe as us to the same place that the Bible stated 3,500 years ago. Gen 1:1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Biblical Hebrew always uses the phrase " heaven and earth" to describe the entire universe: all space, time, and matter. This includes the Sun, which was not created later. The Bible has more to say about the beginning of the universe, Titus 1:2, and 2 Timothy 1:9, (2,000 years ago) tells us that Time had a beginning, just as the Space-time theorem states. The mathematics has been done, the Space-time theorem has passed the test. Only the God of the Bible is described as being extra-dimensional.
The best estimate for the universe's age is 13.813 ±0.038 billion years, based on background radiation measurements. There are other tools to age the universe, and they all agree on 13.813 billion years ago.
The Bible:
1) Gen 1, Psalm 148:5; Isaiah 40:26; 42:5; 45:18, Titus 1:2, and 2 Timothy 1:9, the universe (time, space, and matter) had a beginning; this is correct.
2) The universe has been expanding since its creation. See verses: Job 9:8; Psalm 104:2; Isaiah 40:22; 42:5; 44:24; 45:12; 48:13; 51:13; Jeremiah 10:12; 51:15; and Zechariah 12:1. These five different Bible authors all stated that the "stretched out" of the "heavens" or "skies" meaning outer space, is ongoing. Job 9:8; Isaiah 44:24; and 45:12 state that God alone is responsible for the cosmic stretching.
3) One of Christianity’s foundational creeds. Creation ex nihilo (Latin for “creation from nothing”) refers to the moment God created the universe from nothing (that which lacks matter, energy, space, and time). The Bible states that creation ex nihilo in Genesis, but Hebrews 11:3 states it explicitly, “The universe was framed by God’s command, so that what is seen was not made out of what was visible.”
The law of cause and effect is fundamental. The law of cause and effect is a sequential relationship where one action or event (the cause) directly produces a resulting outcome (the effect). The law of cause and effect dictates that an effect cannot be greater than its cause. Examples: A tornado (cause) cannot produce a fully formed Mercedes (effect) as it lacks the necessary information/order, violating the requirement for an adequate cause. Humans cannot bring into existence something greater than themselves. This principle is essential in understanding that results are directly proportional to the inputs. The creator must be greater than the space, size, mass (matter), time, and energy found in the universe. Some say that nothing made the universe, a creator is not needed. But this is against the law of cause and effect.
The universe: Estimates of 2 trillion galaxies, each containing hundreds of billions of stars. There are more stars in the universe than grains of sand on all Earth's beaches. The observable universe is approximately 93 billion light-years (5.879 trillion miles) in diameter. (unobservable universe size about 23 trillion light-years (135 septillion miles = 1.35 with 26 zeros). The total mass of the observable universe is estimated to be 1.1 with 50 zero tons. This size and mass are just right for Life to be here on Earth. Size, mass, expansion and age of the universe all must be correct for stars to make the heavy elements that are essential for life. Smaller universe – too many black holes and too many heavy elements. (too hot). Larger universe – no heavy elements that are essential for life. (too cold).
See: the Why so Vast page and Alone page.
Romans 1:20: " For ever since the world was created, people have seen the earth and sky. Through everything God made, they can clearly see his invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature. So they have no excuse for not knowing God."
Psalm 19:1-4: "The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands. Day after day they pour forth speech; night after night they reveal knowledge. They have no speech, they use no words; no sound is heard from them. Yet their voice goes out into all the earth, their words to the ends of the world."
“The more I examine the universe and the details of its architecture, the more evidence I find that the universe in some sense must have known we were coming.” Freeman Dyson - 1979
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Who are the ones who reject the Space-time theorems?
1) Young-earth creationists, who claim the universe is only 6,000 years old. Hebrew word yôm (translated as “day”) must e 14 hours. See age of Earth page
2) Atheists who hate the theological implications of the Space-time theorem Gen 1:1. Atheists who hate the fact that the Space-time theorems prove the Bible has been correct for thousands of years. That is, the universe was created by a superpowerful, superintelligent agent beyond space and time. An agent that can operate in extra dimensions and create space-time dimensions at will and fine-tune the universe in advance for life that would come later. Some are also committed to making the universe old enough to sustain a naturalistic (that is, a nontheistic) explanation for the origin of life, and for a natural, nontheistic explanation for the transformation of Earth’s first life into complex plants, animals, and human beings. As 13.7 billion years is just not old enough.
3) Is Quantum Physics a loophole to a beginning of the universe?
Since this Space-time theorem is very uncomfortable to those who dislike the God of the Bible, some have tried to change the above Space-time theorem. Have some come up with new Space-time theorems that invoke Quantum Physics. Quantum Physics is about events at the subatomic level (smaller than an atom). This appeal is not based on measurements or reality. Quantum Physics and Quantum Uncertainty are fine-tunes fetures of this universe. As such, something in this universe cannot bring this universe into existence. If the Quantum uncertainty were greater or less in the universe, there would be no life anywhere in the universe at any time. Quantum mechanics does not and can not “create” anything. Any subatomic unit that "appears" will also return.
4) Claim there is matter, and there is antimatter; the two cancel each other out, so the universe came from nothing, and a Creator is not needed. This is a logical fallacy as matter and antimatter are something, not nothing. Where did the matter come from? We know the space-time theorem tells us.
5) The universe endlessly bounces, thus no Creator is needed. This violates the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. The universe is wearing out, decaying, going to a heat death. The cold heat cannot be used to make a new universe. Also, the expandion of the universe will not stop. This model is from the Eastern worldview one of reincarnation.
Space-Time Curvature
Space-Time Curvature has not much to do with Space-Time theorems. But since the names are similar, it is being placed here.
The universe (observable universe and unobservable universe) is finite, but it is very large. At the "edge" of the universe is space-time curvature. It is space-time curvature that is approaching the speed of light and, someday, exceeding it due to the expansion of the universe. The universe is 13.787±0.020 billion years. This has been checked, proven, and measured with many tools, and they all agree. It is not just space that came into being 13.787 billion years ago, but time as well. The universe is finite and expanding. Some who do not like the fact that the universe has been found to have the same properties as those described in the Bible thousands of years ago, are trying to change the facts of the universe. It is hard to visualize, but the stars and galaxies are on the 4D space-time surface of the universe. Just as the cities of the earth are on the earth's curvature surface. Just as there are no cities in the interior of the earth, there are no stars or galaxies in the interior of the universe.
Dark Energy is embedded in Space-Time Curvature. Dark energy density is intrinsic to space-time, as a cosmological constant that induces a specific, constant curvature.
Note: The claim, madeby sometime in error, is that since the unobservable universe is larger, the universe may be infinite. This appeal to the unknown is incorrect, as the universe is still young at 13.787 billion years old. Since the universe's age is limited, the unobservable universe, while large, is still limited in size and age. Observations of Type Ia supernovae and other cosmic measurements indicate that dark energy dominates the universe (approx. 72%), causing distant galaxies to accelerate away from each other faster and faster. This expansion is accelerating. After the Big Bang Creation Event, the universe expanded and then slowed down due to gravity. However, about 9 billion years after the Big Bang, the expansion started speeding up again, driven by dark energy in the spacetime curvature of the universe. Object can not travel faster than the speed of light. But the “Edge of The Universe” is time-space curvature. The universe is expanding, space and time are both expanding. Time-space curvature can travel faster than the speed of light.
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The Right Stuff - Mass or Universe
Ordinary matter 4.62% – Stuff we can see, (Stars 0.27% and Planets 0.0001%)
Dark matter 23.3% – Cannot see, but measured gravitational
Dark energy 72% - In the spacetime curvature of the universe
Speed of Light
Light travels at 299,792,458 meters per second (or about 186,282 miles per second) in space. Thus, looking farther out into space is looking further back in time. While traveling at a very high speed, light still takes time to travel the vast distances of space. The closest star is 4.37 light-years away. The closest galaxy is 2.5 million light-years away. Hubble telescope can see back 13.5 Billion Years, to a very young Universe. Object can not travel faster than the speed of light.
The speed of light has been measured in several ways. Radio waves travel at the same speed. An easy way to measure the speed of light is to turn on a laser, point it at a mirror, and have the mirror return the light to the point of origin. At that point, use a photo receiver to feed an oscilloscope. On the oscilloscope, one input is the laser on signal, and on the oscilloscope’s other input is the photo receiver. As you move the mirror closer, you can see the time being reduced. Move the mirror far away, and the time increases. NASA does this with a mirror on the moon. The moon is slowly moving away over time. As astronomers look into space, they see stars. The light from close stars takes less time than for faraway stars. Astronomers can only look at the past, as light takes time to travel. Astronomers can see back in time about 13.5 billion years in light and 13.7 billion years in radio waves. As astronomers look back in time, galaxies are closer together because the universe was smaller then, as it is expanding. All Christians should be happy that astronomers and cosmologists have put a date on what the Bible has stated for thousands of years, that the universe was created out of nothing 13.813 (±0.020) billion years ago. The Bible tells us the Earth is old: Deut 33:15, Habakkuk 3:6, Hebrews 4:10, and Gen 2:4. The speed of light has not changed; Jeremiah 33 tells us physical laws do not change. Astronomers have proven Jeremiah 33 correct, as we look back in time (more distant stars) they behave the same as close stars. If the speed of light had changed, we would be here as E=MC2. C is the speed of light, M is Mas and E is Energy. E=MC2 is how stars turn mass into energy. If C changes, the universe's and stars' energy would change much more.
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The following verses suggest that God created the universe through an expanding universe - what science has called the Big Band. In many cases the Hebrew text indicates present tense - a process still continuing:
Who alone stretches out the heavens, And tramples down the waves of the sea; (Job 9:8)
Covering Thyself with light as with a cloak, Stretching out heaven like a tent curtain. (Psalm 104:2)
It is He who sits above the circle of the earth, And its inhabitants are like grasshoppers, Who stretches out the heavens like a curtain And spreads them out like a tent to dwell in. (Isaiah 40:22)
Thus says God the Lord, Who created the heavens and stretched them out, Who spread out the earth and its offspring, Who gives breath to the people on it, And spirit to those who walk in it, (Isaiah 42:5)
Thus says the Lord, your Redeemer, and the one who formed you from the womb, "I, the Lord, am the maker of all things, Stretching out the heavens by Myself, And spreading out the earth all alone" (Isaiah 44:24)
"It is I who made the earth, and created man upon it. I stretched out the heavens with My hands, And I ordained all their host." (Isaiah 45:12)
"Surely My hand founded the earth, And My right hand spread out the heavens; When I call to them, they stand together." (Isaiah 48:13)
That you have forgotten the Lord your Maker, Who stretched out the heavens, And laid the foundations of the earth; That you fear continually all day long because of the fury of the oppressor, As he makes ready to destroy? But where is the fury of the oppressor? (Isaiah 51:13)
It is He who made the earth by His power, Who established the world by His wisdom; And by His understanding He has stretched out the heavens. (Jeremiah 10:12)
It is He who made the earth by His power, Who established the world by His wisdom, And by His understanding He stretched out the heavens. (Jeremiah 51:15)
The burden of the word of the Lord concerning Israel. Thus declares the Lord who stretches out the heavens, lays the foundation of the earth, and forms the spirit of man within him, (Zechariah 12:1)
God created and was acting before time began:
In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth (Genesis 1:1)
No, we speak of God's secret wisdom, a wisdom that has been hidden and that God destined for our glory before time began. (1 Corinthians 2:7)
This grace was given us in Christ Jesus before the beginning of time (2 Timothy 1:9)
The hope of eternal life, which God... promised before the beginning of time (Titus 1:2)
To the only God our Savior, through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty, dominion and authority, before all time and now and forever. Amen. (Jude 1:25)
In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth (Genesis 1:1)
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. (John 1:1-3)
For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers: all things were created by him, and for him: And he is before all things, and by him all things consist. (Colossians 1:16-17)
The universe was formed at God's command, so that what was seen was not made out of what was visible. (Hebrews 11:3)
Thou art worthy, O Lord, to receive glory and honor and power: for thou hast created all things, and for thy pleasure they are and were created. (Revelation 4:11)
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Ref:
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https://www.nasa.gov/missions/laser-beams-reflected-between-earth-and-moon-boost-science/