Creation Models

Also see The Christian Views of Genesis 1 in the Bible.

A scientific model is a complete theory used to understand and explain an idea. The model must be able to predict future discoveries that support it. The model must be testable, that is, be able to be proven true or falsified. Testing begins by examining current data, then comparing the model against future discoveries it must predict. Below, we look at an Old Earth Creation Model, developed in the 1980s, which has done very well at predicting future discoveries. We also compare this to other models. A major failed prediction was that the fossil record would show a GRADUAL change in all life forms. But as each year goes by, the fossil record shows species appear unchanged and then go extinct. The prediction was that there would be many transitional fossils, but the fossil record only has a few, not enough to pass the prediction test; it has been falsified.

A creation model is a framework that integrates observations of the natural world with the Biblical accounts of origins. The model is testable and falsifiable, just like any other scientific model. The Biblical creation models can be tested against other creation models and the naturalistic model of origins. The Biblical creation model can, with testing, show that a divine agent (the God of the Bible) created the universe and life. Note: the evidence cannot just be from your singular point of view. A good biblical creation model can predict future scientific discoveries accurately. Long before the scientific method was made, the Bible stated: 1 Thessalonians 5:21 "Test all things; hold fast what is good." See the Age of Earth page for more info and Gen 1 page

1) Young Earth Creationism (YEC): Fails both Biblical testing and scientific testing. (days 1 to 7 are not 24 hours in the Bible). Despite the lack of scientific or Biblical evidence, YEC is somewhat popular due to the us-against-them teaching, and the false "claim" that it is the only correct way to read the Bible also receives a lot of advertising. Predication: evidence that the universe and Earth are not billions of years old, but only thousands of years, will increase in the future. Evidence that no animals died before humans sinned. Everything was created in a 144-hour period. (See the Age of Earth page for more info)

2) Gap Theory: Fails Biblical testing (days 1 to 7 are not 24 hours in the Bible) and fails scientific testing. Predication: Evidence will show short 6-burst periods (24 hours) of creation (appearances) and then long periods of no creation, gaps.

3) Framework hypothesis: Fails Biblical testing; Genesis 1 is written as a chronological history of events; it is not poetry. Written as "This happened, then this happens." Not a testable model, as it makes no predictions. (The 5 primary poetic books of the Old Testament are Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Songs (or Song of Solomon). These books use Hebrew poetic structures, focusing on rhythm and imagery. Genesis is not one of them)

4) Non-Historical and No position: Fails Biblical testing; Genesis 1 is written as a chronological history of events; it is not poetry. The model is not testable as it makes no predictions. (Some in this view hold to a naturalistic model also.)

5) Naturalistic model: No creator is needed for anything. Prediction: Over time, there will be less evidence for the Anthropic Principle. There will be less evidence for the universe's extra-dimensional origins. There will be less evidence that humans are special, that humans are just one step above animals. A naturalistic model will explain the origins of life someday. All the gaps in the fossil record will go away. All the missing transitional fossils will be found. The missing link to humans will be found. More evidence that Humans are just animals, not unique. See Anthropic Principle page space-time page See Human Uniqueness page See life page

5) Day Age Creationism: Offers a detailed, complete Biblical Creation Model that is testable and falsifiable from scripture and scientific study, just like any other scientific model. Prediction: In the future, more evidence will show that the order and timing of the events in Genesis 1 are correct. More evidence that Humans are special (see Human Uniqueness page). More evidence for the Anthropic Principle. See: Anthropic Principle. page More evidence for the extra-dimensional origins of the universe. The model made in the 1980s has had many predictions come true, such as: Space and time had a beginning, humans are not like the animals at all, complex life started in the oceans early in Earth's history, the sun, earth, and solar system are special (unlike other stars and planets), Modern humans appear late and last in the fossil record and no gradual change in the fossil record. See the space-time page.

Day Age Creationism Testable Creation Model: The frame of reference in Genesis 1:1 is the cosmos, all of physical reality. God declares that he brought the entire universe into existence—matter, energy, and all the associated space-time dimensions. Einstein’s theory of general relativity tells us that the cause of the universe acts independently (i.e., from outside) of matter, energy, and the space-time dimensions along which matter and energy are distributed to bring it into existence. Observations now securely establish the reliability of general relativity. See the Relativity page. Genesis 1:2 explicitly shifts the frame of reference, the narrator’s vantage point, to the surface of Earth, above the waters but below the clouds. This verse describes the initial conditions of primordial Earth: dark on its surface, unfit for life, empty of life, and covered with water. With the frame of reference and the initial conditions for the six creation days thus established, a straightforward chronology of creation events unfolds. Science works with testable ideas called Models. To see if an idea(s) is correct one makes expectations about future Science findings and discoveries.

Testable Creation Model: Bible got it 100% correct: In the next 6 months and next year, will there be more or less evidence for: (The test)

1) The universe that is matter, energy, and all the associated space-time dimensions comes from nothing, including the sun. (Gen 1:1, Isaiah 42:5) See space time

2) The early primordial Earth is dark (light cannot penetrate its thick atmosphere, light from the heavenly bodies could penetrate to the surface), unfit for life, and void of life. (formless, like molten) Then the Earth's surface is covered with water. Frame of reference now on earth. (Gen 1:2)

3) The early primordial Earth had life in the oceans (Ge 1:2), brooding, protecting life in the seas. (before this earth is empty of life, and unfit for life)

4) The early primordial Earth's darkness gave way to light, but could not see objects in the sky [sky is translucent] (Gen 1:3, Job 38)

5) The early primordial Earth had a water cycle (Gen 1:6-8)( Water above and water below. Firmament or vault should be translated sky or expanse)

6) Continents - dry land forms (Gen 1:9-10, end of water world, and ocean basins took shape.)

7) Plants began to grow on the continental landmasses (Gen 1:11-12)

8) The atmosphere transitioned from translucent to transparent so that the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars could be seen from Earth’s surface.(Gen 1:14-Job 38) ("let there in light", the word create in nowhere in the text, not add it, see Job 38 on why it is dark)

9) Swarms of small sea animals filled the oceans. [Avlon and Cambrian explosion] (Gen 1:20)

10) Sea mammals and birds were created and became abundant. (Gen 1:21) (Birds are earlier than thought at least 210 million years age or before)

11) Three specialized kinds of animals came onto the scene, reptile or any other small, rapidly moving animals, livestock (cattle), came on the scene late, and beast (genral term for animals), not a complete list of all animals. Can also be translated as: short-legged land mammals, long-legged, easy-to-tame land mammals, and long-legged, difficult-to-tame land mammals—all three appropriate in specific ways to help meet humanity’s needs. (Day 6, Gen 1:24)

12) Human beings appeared last, are special, not the same as animals (in the image of God) (day 6, Gen 1:26)

13) No new phylum or clade comes after Human beings appear (Day 7, Gen 2:2)

Past predictions came true:

1. transcendent creation event (The singularity of the universe, Creation, Big Bang 13.7 Billion years ago)

2. cosmic fine-tuning (Strong Anthropic Principle)

3. fine-tuning of the Earth’s, solar system’s, and Milky Way Galaxy’s characteristics (see alone page)

4. rapidity of life’s origin (See life page)

5. lack of inorganic kerogen (See life page)

6. extreme biomolecular complexity (See life page)

7. Cambrian explosion

8. missing horizontal branches in the fossil record

9. placement and frequency of “transitional forms” in the fossil record

10. fossil record reversal

11. frequency and extent of mass extinctions

12. recovery from mass extinctions

13. duration of time windows for different species

14. frequency, extent, and repetition of symbiosis (interaction between two different organisms living in close association, to the advantage of both)

15. frequency, extent, and repetition of altruism (see Human Uniqueness)

16. speciation and extinction rates

17. Recent Origin of humanity (see Human Origin)

18. huge biodeposits

19. Genesis 1 perfect fit with the fossil record

20. molecular clock rates (genetic mutation rates, which needed adjusting)

All naturalistic processes (natural selection, mutations, gene exchange, epigenetics) that drive the evolution of life require long time periods to produce significant changes. However, the fossil record in combination with the history of Earth’s atmospheric oxygen levels established by David Wang’s MIT team demonstrates that the time periods are extremely brief, indistinguishable from instantaneous. The immediacy with which oxygen-demanding animals appear when atmospheric oxygen levels reach the minimum needed for their survival supports the argument that a supernatural, superintelligent Creator authored such life, as described in Psalm 104.

In short, once atmospheric oxygen levels were high enough for advanced animals, advanced animals appeared; thus, there was no long time span of evolution to form them. This was true for the Cambrian explosion (10%) and just before dinosaurs hit the current 21%.

Other Creation - Origins from other cultures - religions

All the other religions can be eliminated as being true from their Creation - Origins accounts:

Hindu: an endless cycle of creation. Every 4.32 billion years the universe is reborn (bounces). The universe is 13.78 billion years old, so this is wrong. The entropy (decay) of the universe is now known to be so high that the universe cannot be reborn (bounce). So this is wrong. Hindu origins state that cosmic elements emerge from divine sweat (sveda) during intense battles and meditation. This is wrong; we have checked: no sweat in outer space. Hindu Creation - Origins accounts all happen within the space time that can be visualized by humans. Much like Greek mythology.

Buddhism was born out of Hindu faith, thus as much of the same Hindu Creation - Origins accounts. With cycles of rebirth, known as samsara. To try to separate from Hindus, rather than a literal history, many Buddhists view this narrative as a psychological fable, and origins are then unknowable. Either way this is all been proven wrong.

In Islam, the creation is described across multiple verses in the Qur'an rather than as a single chronological chapter. Before creating the physical universe, Allah's throne existed above water. This is not testable and makes Allah more like a Greek god. Allah was the only “being” in the universe before this. This mean there is no orgins o f love, for love there must be at least two (BIble states there are three, before our time and space, the universe ). The Quran states that the heavens and the earth were initially a single joined entity (like smoke or a unified mass) before Allah parted them. We know from current space-time theory that the the Time and Space before our univers must be different. (Muhammad was “creating” Islam, he drew a lot of details from Judaism and Christianity. So some things are the same, but he changed much also) In Islamic creation, water is the essence of life and therefore all living things are created out of the water. While life forms have a lot of water, the Bible's " from dust and return to dust" is more accurate.

Japan Creation: It is more about the creation of Japan than the u.iverse There is a chaotic, floating mass of drifting matter before lighter particles rose to form Heaven (Takamagahara) and heavier parts formed Earth. Older gods commanded the final pair of primordial siblings, Izanagi (male) and Izanami (female), to give form to the earth. Onogoroshima: Standing on the floating bridge of heaven, they stirred the muddy ocean with a jeweled spear (Ama-no-nuboko); brine dripping from the tip solidified into the first island, Onogoro (a mythical "self-forming" island in Japanese creation mythology). After performing a marriage ritual around a heavenly pillar, Izanami birthed the Ōyashima (the eight great islands of Japan) and numerous nature spirits (kami). While it is a very nice story, it is not testable or consistent with cosmology or history.

Greek creation (Most of Roman mythology, also): In the beginning, there was only Chaos, the gaping emptiness. Then sprang forth three more primordial deities: Gaea (Earth), Tartarus (the Underworld), and Eros (Love). Once Love was there, Gaea and Chaos – two female deities – were able to procreate and shape everything known and unknown in the universe. While it is a very nice story, it is not testable or consistent with cosmology or history.

Ancient Egyptian creation: A primordial hill called the Benben rose from the water, representing the first dry land and life's promise. The sun god, Atum (often linked with Ra), emerged on this mound. Atum brought forth Shu (air) and Tefnut (moisture) through his spit, or bodily fluids. Shu and Tefnut mated to create Geb (the earth) and Nut (the sky), who were separated by Shu to make space for life. While it is a very nice story, it is not testable or consistent with cosmology or history.

Zoroastrian creation story: Describes the universe as an ethical battleground created by the supreme deity Ahura Mazda to trap and ultimately defeat the destructive evil spirit Angra Mainyu. Ahura Mazda first created the universe in a spiritual state (menog), and then in a physical, material state (getig). He polluted the pure waters with salt, fractured the flat earth to create harsh mountains and valleys, and introduced pests, disease, pain, death, and moral corruption (Druj). Angra Mainyu slew Gayomard and the primordial bull. However, from Gayomard's falling seed and bones, the earth's minerals flourished, and a rhubarb plant sprouted from which the first human couple—Mashya and Mashyoi—emerged to populate the earth. While it is a very nice story, it is not testable or consistent with cosmology or history.

Korean creation: Heaven and earth were fused together before being separated by a giant or a giant bird.

Jainism: the universe was never created and has no beginning or end; it is eternal, self-existing. Not consistent with cosmology or history.

Mongol creation: In several traditional accounts, the beginning of time featured only endless water. A divine being or a primordial lama descended to agitate the waters using an iron rod or by stirring the gas and dust. The stirring provoked fierce winds and roars of fire, causing the center of the waters to thicken and solidify into solid land or Mother Earth (Ehé Tazar). A golden frog pierced by a divine arrow or Buddha supports the weight of the five elements and the earth upon its back.

Mesopotamian creation story, Babylonian epic Enuma Elish: (Read the original; many do not tell the truth about it and spin it). Marduk used one half of Tiamat's body to form the sky and the other half to form the earth. Humans were created from the blood of a slain rebel god to perform manual labor and free the gods from their toil. Marduk established Babylon as the center of the universe and the earthly dwelling of the gods. In A rahasis epic—humanity was created out of clay mixed with the flesh and blood of a slaughtered god to take over the heavy physical labor and sweat of the junior gods. In both Humans were explicitly created to bear the "yoke" and "toil of the gods," freeing the divine beings from sweating through manual labor. While it is a very nice story, it is not testable or consistent with cosmology and the Bible!

Norse creation story: Poisonous rivers from Niflheim met the hot winds of Muspelheim in the void, melting the ice and creating life. The frost giant Ymir formed from this melting ice as the first living being. More giants grew from his sweat while he slept. A primordial cow named Audhumla also emerged, providing milk for Ymir and licking the salty ice blocks to uncover Buri, the grandfather of the first gods. While it is a very nice story, it is not testable or consistent with cosmology.

Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) creation: It describes a Sky Woman falling from a heavenly realm and placing dirt on the back of a giant turtle, which grows and expands to form the land - earth.

Maya and other Mesoamerican creation: Creator deities mixed their own divine blood with maize dough (Corn, staple sustenance) to form the flesh and life of the first human beings. The Creators: Key deities included Tepeu (the Maker), Qʼuqʼumaj (the Feathered Serpent), and Hurakan (Heart of Sky).

The Inca creation myth centers on the supreme creator god Viracocha, who emerged from Lake Titicaca to fashion the cosmos, the stars, and humanity.

Aztec creation myth: The gods divided the body of the crocodile-like earth monster, Tlaltecuhtli, to form the earth from her lower half and the heavens from her upper half.

Many Native American mythology: Animals are the center of creation.

Ref:

Source: https://www.greekmythology.com/Myths/The_Myths/The_Creation/the_creation.html

https://reasons.org/single/creation-model-approach

• The Bible (including Genesis 1–11) is the error-free word of God. (2 Timothy 3:16)

• The creation account of Genesis 1 follows a basic chronology. (Day 1 to 7)

• The record of nature is also a reliable revelation from God. (Rom 1:18-23, Ps 19)

• The message of nature will agree with what the Bible says. (Rom 1:18-23, Ps 19)

• The Bible contains a selective summary description of God’s creation activity (e.g., no mention of dinosaurs, bipedal primates, quantum mechanics, or the existence of other solar system planets). (The Bible is not a science book, but when it writes about nature, it will be correct.)

• God gives humans the privilege to fill in the details, carefully, through patient, ongoing exploration and increased understanding of the natural realm. This knowledge shall increase. and travel faster (See Daniel 12:4)

Daniel 12:4' But you, Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book, until the time of the end. Many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall increase.” (Written 165 B.C. This has come true in our time.)

Isaiah 42:5, “This is what the Lord says—He who created the heavens and stretched them out.' (Create (bara’). bringing into existence something new, something that did not exist before.) (Genesis 1:1; 2:3; 2:4; Psalm 148:5; Isaiah 40:26; 42:5; 45:18). (Colossians 1 but also in Proverbs 8:22-31; John 17:24; Ephesians 1:4; 2 Timothy 1:9; Titus 1:2; and 1 Peter 1:20)

“stretched out.” of the universe is used by five different Bible authors: Job 9:8; Psalm 104:2; Isaiah 40:22; 42:5; 44:24; 45:12; 48:13; 51:13; Jeremiah 10:12; 51:15; and Zechariah 12:1.

Romans 8 we are told that the entire creation has been subjected to the law of decay (the second law of thermodynamics).

https://reasons.org/explore/publications/facts-for-faith/anthropic-principle-a-precise-plan-for-humanity

• Michael Bau and Andrea Koschinsky, “Oxidative Scavenging of Cerium on Hydrous Fe Oxide: Evidence from the Distribution of Rare Earth Elements and Yttrium between Fe Oxides and Mn Oxides in Hydrogenetic Ferromanganese Crusts,” Geochemical Journal 43, no. 1 (2009): 37–47, doi:10.2343/geochemj.1.0005.

• Bau and Koschinsky, “Oxidative Scavenging of Cerium”; James W. Moflett, “The Relationship between Cerium and Manganese Oxidation in the Marine Environment,” Limnology and Oceanography 39, no. 6 (September 1994): 1309–18, doi:10.4319/lo.1994.39.6.1309.

• Eric J. Bellefroid et al., “Constraints on Paleoproterozoic Atmospheric Oxygen Levels,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 115, no. 32 (July 23, 2018): 8104–9, doi:10.1073/pnas.1806216115; Xiao-Ming Liu et al., “A Persistently Low Level of Atmospheric Oxygen in Earth’s Middle Age,” Nature Communications 12 (January 13, 2021): id. 351, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20484-7.

• Noah J. Planavsky et al., “Low Mid-Proterozoic Atmospheric Oxygen Levels and the Delayed Rise of Animals,” Science 346, no. 6209 (October 31, 2014): 635–8, doi:10.1126/science.1258410; Devon B. Cole et al., “A Shale-Hosted Cr Isotope Record of Low Atmospheric Oxygen during the Proterozoic,” Geology 44, no. 7 (July 1, 2016): 555–8, doi:10.1130/G37787.1.

• Donald E. Canfield et al., “Highly Fractionated Chromium Isotopes in Mesoproterozoic-Aged Shales and Atmospheric Oxygen,” Nature Communications 9 (July 20, 2018): id. 2871, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05263-9; G. J. Gilleaudeau et al., “Oxygenation of the Mid-Proterozoic Atmosphere: Clues from Chromium Isotopes in Carbonates,” Geochemistry Perspectives Letters 2, no. 2 (May 24, 2016): 178–87, doi:10.7185/geochemlet.1618.

• Changle Wang et al., “Strong Evidence for a Weakly Oxygenated Ocean-Atmosphere System during the Proterozoic,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 119, no. 6 (January 31, 2022): id. e2116101119, doi:10.1073/pnas.2116101119.

• Hans O. Pörtner, Martina Langenbuch, and Anke Reipschläger, “Biological Impact of Elevated Ocean CO2 Concentrations: Lessons from Animal Physiology and Earth History,” Journal of Oceanography 60, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 705–18, doi:10.1007/s10872-004-5763-0.

• Zaher S. Azzam et al., “The Physiological and Molecular Effects of Elevated CO2 Levels,” Cell Cycle 9, no. 8 (April 20, 2010): 1528–32, doi:10.4161/cc.9.8.11196; Kris Permentier et al., “Carbon Dioxide Poisoning: A Literature Review of an Often Forgotten Cause of Intoxication in the Emergency Department,” International Journal of Emergency Medicine 10 (April 4, 2017): id. 14, p. 1, doi:10.1186/s12245-017-0142-y.

• Stephan V. Sobolev and Michael Brown, “Surface Erosion Events Controlled the Evolution of Plate Tectonics on Earth,” Nature 570 (June 5, 2019): 52–57, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1258-4; Hugh Ross, “Why Do We Need Snowball Events?” Today’s New Reason to Believe (blog), Reasons to Believe, August 5, 2019.

• https://news.mit.edu/2016/oxygen-first-appearance-earth-atmosphere-0513