Faith-Nature

Life:

Life (biology) is one of the most complex topics of mankind. Yet, life is built around the Cell, the basic unit of all life. Biology is under the topic of Hard or Complex Science. While Simple or Soft Science (non-life topics) can make use of the vast mathematical tools available to mankind. While Life - Biology has highly complex biochemical structures. Biology hierarchical biochemical structures include: amino acids (different kinds), proteins (many kinds), nucleic acids, carbohydrates (many kinds), and lipids. These structures dictate function through precise three-dimensional shape, or stereochemistry. These macromolecules, often polymers built from monomers, form the basis of life's complex, adaptive, and self-repairing systems. If you have not taken biology, some of these terms may not be familiar to you, and biology has many more terms.

This page is just a short overview of biochemical system. Science has grown over the last 100 years, with the knowledge of these complex biological systems increasing each day.

There are only two possibilities for the existence of life: Spontaneous assembly of life from chemicals or There is a Creator who designed biological systems.

Origins of Life (also called Abiogenesis) is one of the most interesting topics for believers, as is the origins of Mankind. As the Bible describes these as a "miracle" by God in the Bible. Biblical Hebrew has a few words for "create", yet in English, these are all translated as create in the Bible. For life and mankind, the create mean to make something brand new that did not exist before. For mankind, we are spirit beings. See the ages: Human Origins and Human Uniqueness for details on this topic.

Origins of Life (also called Abiogenesis):

For many years in the past, and some are still teaching that the Origins of Life started with an early Earth having billions of years of primordial soup, which formed a very simple life form. But: We now know that as soon as Earth had cooled enough, life was on Earth 3.8 billion years ago (no billions of year to form). We now know that life was not a simple life, but a very complex life (Cyanobacteria). So: There was no billion years of primordial soup, there were no “simple” life forms. Soon, there were complete early ecosystems. No matter the scenario, a naturalistic, evolutionary approach to the origin-of-life can’t seem to accommodate the sudden appearance of life on Earth. On the other hand, if a Creator brought life into being, this is precisely the mode and tempo expected for life’s appearance on Earth. Old Earth Creation model from the 1980s, predicted (1) life should appear on Earth soon after the planet’s formation; and (2) first life should possess intrinsic complexity. And both of these predictions are satisfied by this latest advance. (See Creation Model page)

Origins of Life Models:

Primordial soup: No soup, no billion years, no simple life forms. Model fails.

Deep sea hydrothermal vents: Extremophiles are very incredibly complex. Advanced DNA repair. Model fails.

Continental crust: Extremophile. Model fails.

Any land models: Life started in earth's early ocean. Model fails.

Ice model: Life started in earth's early ocean. Model fails.

Panspermia, life from outer space: No place in space for life to start. Life is not possible any earlier. Moves the problem. Model fails. See Alone page

First life form: Cyanobacteria possess circular chromosomes typically ranging from 2.7 to over 7 million base pairs (Mbp). It contains thousands of distinct protein types. Cyanobacteria possess a complex, large repertoire of two-component regulatory proteins. Light-Harvesting Proteins: Phycobiliproteins; phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and more. Core Metabolic/Photosynthetic: RuBisCO, ATP synthase subunits, and Photosystem components. Oceanic cyanobacteria utilize specialized Outer Membrane Proteins (OMPs) for nutrient acquisition, structural integrity, and environmental adaptation. Key proteins include TonB-dependent transporters for iron uptake, porins for permeability, and unique proteins like SynDLP involved in membrane dynamics. These proteins facilitate survival in nutrient-poor environments by managing transport and maintaining membrane homeostasis. The outer membrane, containing these proteins, is highly dynamic and undergoes constant repair due to light-driven damage. Replication of this DNA takes roughly 2 to 4 hours. Ocean cyanobacteria have doubling times ranging from 2 to 25 hours. Cyanobacteria are credited with oxygenating the Earth's atmosphere over billions of years, starting 3.8 billion years ago. (A new study reveals that marine cyanobacteria communicate nanotubes connecting Synechococcus).

The researchers who recovered and analyzed the Cyanobacteria Isua stromatolites expressed similar surprise: “The complexity and setting of the Isua stromatolites points to sophistication in life systems at 3,700 million years ago, similar to that displayed by 3,480–3,400 million-year-old Pilbara stromatolites.” (Allen P. Nutman et al., “Rapid Emergence of Life Shown by Discovery of 3,700-Million-Year-Old Microbial Structures)

Note: Extremophiles are highly complex are specialized microorganisms that thrive in environments hostile to most life (e.g., heat, extreme acid/alkaline, or high pressure) by employing complex system, such as specialized proteins, varied metabolic pathways, and efficient DNA repair mechanisms. They are critical to ecosystem function, offering significant biotechnological potential for bioremediation and medicine due to their robust enzymes. To resist damage, they employ advanced DNA repair, such as homologous recombination and multiple genome copies, along with protective pigments like carotenoids. Extremophiles possess highly complex, efficient DNA repair mechanisms designed to counteract extreme environmental damage, such as high radiation, heat, or desiccation, which typically shatters their genomes. They use advanced, coordinated strategies—including specialized enzymes (extremozymes), rapid DNA reassembly (ESDSA), and multiple genome copies—to fix hundreds of double-strand breaks in a very short time. They cannot have been a first life form and such not be included in any Origins of Life Models.

Sulfate-reducing bacteria are among the oldest life forms on Earth, right after Cyanobacteria. Sulfate-reducing bacteria are dominant in the geologic record for billions of years. They lived in a time of low oxygen concentrations in early Earth’s atmosphere. Sulfate-reducing bacteria play a critical role in Earth’s sulfur and carbon cycles, both of which are essential for life. More recent studies reveal bacteria’s additional contribution to life sustenance. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) typically have circular chromosome DNA lengths approximately 3.1 to 6.1 million base pairs, thus another very complex life form that shows up very early in life's history. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are anaerobic microorganisms that "breathe" sulfate instead of oxygen, reducing it to toxic, corrosive hydrogen sulfide. They are in all anoxic environments like marine sediments, oil wells, and intestinal tracts, playing a crucial role in sulfur and carbon cycling. They are complexly different than Photosynthetic Cyanobacteria. Sulfate-reducing bacteria participate both directly and indirectly in removing poisons from Earth’s environment. Some of these bacteria remove low but deadly zinc concentrations from water. Others assist in the formation of certain ore deposits. These ores, in turn, remove poisons from the environment and, much later, contribute to the advancement of human civilization. Researchers now recognize that sulfate-reducing bacteria helped produce much, if not all, of the concentrated (thus economic to mine) ore deposits of iron, magnesium, zinc, and lead. Ores of trace metals such as silver, arsenic, selenium, etc., may similarly owe their concentrations (and accessibility) to bacteria

Prebiotic conditions

In his book Biogenesis, origin-of-life researcher Noam Lahav passes judgment (no soup):

The prebiotic conditions assumed by Miller and Urey were essentially those of a reducing atmosphere. Under slightly reducing conditions, the Miller-Urey reaction does not produce amino acids, nor does it produce the chemicals that may serve as the predecessors of other important biopolymer building blocks. Thus, by challenging the assumption of a reducing atmosphere, we challenge the very existence of the “prebiotic soup,” with its richness of biologically important organic compounds.

Proteins cannot be assembled unless all the amino acids are either 100% left-handed or 100% right-handed. Similarly, RNA and DNA molecules cannot be assembled unless all the ribose sugars are either 100% left-handed or 100% right-handed. Homochirality is where all the chiral molecules in a sample manifest a single-handed configuration. IN real-life naturalistic conditions, this does not happen. Homochirality somehow arose in the sugars and amino acids of prebiotic soups (but we now know there was not soup), although there is no mechanism by which this can occur and is, in fact, prohibited by the second law of thermodynamics (law of entropy).

Sir Fred Hoyle (1915–2001), a renowned British astrophysicist, famously argued that life cannot have originated on Earth through random chemical processes. He posited that the complexity of life is too great to have assembled by chance, leading him to champion the theory of Panspermia—the idea that life was seeded on Earth from space. But he was right on the math of life on Earth, but did not know that life can not live any earlier in the universe. So there is no change for life starting anywhere else in the universe.

Irreducible complexity stating that certain biological systems (Like DNA, cell wall, and more) are too complex to have evolved through gradual, successive modifications. Proponents, notably Michael Behe, argue that these systems require all parts to function simultaneously; removing any part causes the entire system to fail, implying they were designed rather than evolved.

In On the Origin of Species (1859), Charles Darwin wrote, "If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down". (It has)

Cells contain highly sophisticated and elegant molecular machines that run at 100% effency. In the complex, cooperative assemblies of proteins and nucleic acids that act as motors, switches, and factories to sustain life. These microscopic, precise machines handle tasks like DNA replication, energy production, protein manufacturing, and intracellular transport, often operating at remarkable speeds.

Creating Life in the Lab

Some are working on creating life in the lab as a way to find the pathway to the origins of Life. In doing so, these new discoveries in synthetic biology make a case for the Creator. This shows that undirected chemical processes cannot produce life. These highly trained scientists, using the best tools and very pure prebiotic materials, have been able to make a very short chain of amino acids. In doing so, they have proved that only a super-intelligent mind can make all the directed steps to make the very, very complex proteins and the mechanism to assemble proteins.

Elements for Life

Carbon has symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic. Carbon makes up about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust, 15th most abundant element.

The atoms of carbon can bond together in diverse ways. Carbon is able to form stable chemical bonds with many elements. Life can only be carbon-based. Carbon is the only element in the periodic table with the chemical bonding stability and the chemical bonding complexity for physical life.

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N) are the four most abundant elements in living organisms. These four form life's organic molecules such as: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA). The other two lesser elements are Phosphorus (P) and Sulfur (S). These 6 elements make up all life. Other trace elements are also found in life.

Carbon-based life is made up of Proteins: which are the building blocks of living organisms. Amino Acids: make up proteins and lipids . Nucleic Acids: Genetic information DNA and RNA. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA): Makes proteins. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): Genetic instructions for all life forms

Life uses 22 different amino acids to build proteins, enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, and to provide energy. Over 500 different amino acids exist in nature, yet only 22 are used. Amino acids come in Right and Left handed form yet, only Left-handed called L-form amino acids used in life. Ext link to photo of the Amino Acids used in life.

Biochemical: The chemical processes and elements that occur within living organisms.

First discovered fine-tuning in Life systems:

Lawrence Henderson (1878 – 1942) Author of books: The Fitness of the Environment 1914 and The Order of Nature 1917. Blood. A Study in General Physiology 1931. He found the Biochemical Anthropic Principle in: Water’s properties are fine-tuned for life. Blood is fine-tuned to control its PH (acidity). Henderson found that acid-base balance in blood is regulated by buffer systems in a complex coordination with respiration, the lungs, red blood cells, and the kidneys. He wrote the Henderson equation in 1908 to describe the use of Carbonic Acid as a buffer solution. Carbonic Acid and Phosphoric Acid are fine-tuned to control of the PH (acidity) of blood. Lawrence Henderson saw design and wrestled with the theological implications of his findings. Theological Implications: Doctrine of design and purpose in the material world (of life). Causality: The explanation for its purpose.

The universe biocentric, that is life itself is the central goal of the universe. Biochemical:

Water's unique properties: Universal solvent; High heat capacity; High heat of vaporization; Surface tension - capillary action; Tasteless – colorless - odorless; very fit for life. Water is very unique: Water: One Oxygen (O) and two Hydrogen (H). Three atoms in a unique bond. On Earth found in three states: Water = Liquid; Ice = Frozen solid state; Gas = Water vapor and steam (air and water). Other unique properties: High boiling point: 100C; Freezing point 0C - Ice floats; Hydrogen bonding - Used in Proteins; Does not dissolve oils and fats.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is key to life. It is the fundamental carbon element for all organic molecules like proteins and DNA. It is a vital compound for photosynthesis, which fuels the food chain. It releases oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis. Two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom. Carbon dioxide is unique: Colorless; Odorless; Versatile bonding for life. Plants use to create sugars – oil - fats (food). Aids in transporting oxygen in blood. Non-flammable gas - Greenhouse gas. Readily dissolves in water to form carbonic acid. Denser than air. Food for all life forms.

Oxygen is a chemical element; it has the symbol O and its atomic number is 8. Oxygen is highly reactive, and a potent oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides (combines) with most elements as well as with other compounds. Oxygen powers the highly efficient process of aerobic respiration, generating vast amounts of energy (ATP) needed for complex multicellular organisms. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the universal "energy currency" in a cell, storing and delivering energy from food breakdown. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is cellular respiration. Oxygen is key to cellular respiration. Cellular respiration: What cells do to break up sugars to get energy. Oxygen is unique: Oxygen is soluble in water and air. Oxygen's electronegativity is high: Strong ability to attract shared electrons in chemical bonds, like water H2O. Living organisms contain oxygen atoms found in: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and fats. Also used in shells, teeth, and bone. Produced by plant photosynthesis.

All the Life elements used in life are highly fine-tuned, and precise, to make life possible. The elements are also in the correct quantity here on earth. Elements needed for life: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, Iodine, Copper, Cobalt, Selenium, Chromium, Molybdenum, Fluorine, Boron, Nickel, and Vanadium. All these elements are on earth in the correct quality, not too much or too little.

Carbon Life – Cell Life Functions: Taking in nutrients: Nutrients to energy. Nutrients to biomolecules. Replicating and growth. Nutrients to assemble cell structures. Repairing damage and Breaking down waste and removing waste. The properties of biochemical systems are precisely those that are needed for life to be possible. The level of precision, complexity, and efficiency allows for life and its replication.

I praise you because I am fearfully and wonderfully made; your works are wonderful, I know that full well. Psalm 139:14 from ~1000 BC

Proteins are massive complex biomolecules formed from long chains of amino acids. Hundreds or thousands of amino acids make the chain. Longest human protein has 34,000 amino acids. Proteins perform vital life functions in the body. Proteins make structural components, enzymes, transporters and much more. Proteins are crucial for tissue repair, growth, immune response, and metabolic reactions. A single human cell contains tens of millions to billions of protein molecules. Peptides are short linear chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. 20 different amino acids are used to build the chain. A polypeptide is a longer, continuous, unbranched peptide chain. Proteins are polypeptides. The cell's machinery assembles polypeptides. Each protein has its own sequence of amino acids. Only 22 amino acids of the 500 known are used for life. Most proteins fold into unique complex 3D structures. Different folds make up the Structural Classification of Proteins. The total number of possible sequences for a polypeptide chain of 150 amino acids (a protein) is approximately 1.43 x 10x 195 power (1.43 with 193 zeros). The 150 amino acids can fold 10 with 68 zeros possible ways. This makes for 10 with 13,260 zero of the possible 3D structures. Yet in life, only up to 1,000,000 (one million) folds are found in life. The correct proteins 3D structure is essential to the protein's function. Protein folding time varies greatly. Protein domain is a region of a protein's chain that is self-stabilizing and folds independently from the rest of the chain. Each domain forms a compact folded 3D structure. Protein domains act as words, and the specific arrangement of these domains follows grammatical rules, dictating protein function, analogous to how word order defines meaning in human language. Cell proteins last a wide range of times, from minutes to years. Most mammal proteins have a half-life (when half are gone) of hours to a couple of days. Some structural proteins, like collagen, can last years. Signaling proteins (transmit information) might be gone in minutes, depending on their function and the cell's needs for turnover. Physical chemistry constraints, from the law of nature, dictate the 3D structure of proteins. Amino acids and proteins are unusually fit for life and are fine-tuned. Ext Link to photo Protein

Nucleic acids, primarily DNA and RNA, are macromolecules that store, transmit, and express genetic information, directing the cell's activities, like protein assemble (synthesis). DNA carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known life. It is life's instruction manual or blueprint. The strongest Anthropic Principle (designed for life) is in DNA. DNA is a 4 letter code: A T G C. DNA is held in a nucleic acid double helix. DNA codes for proteins through a two-step process: transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein). Human genome, DNA, contains approximately 3.2 billion base pairs. Ther first life form is Cyanobacteria genomes about 1.66 million base pairs. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that carries genetic instructions from DNA to build proteins; regulates genes. RNA does not store information, it is used to assess and read DNA in making proteins. 4 codes: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Uracil (U). [ Uracil is similar to Thymine (T) ]. Sugar-phosphate is the backbone that provides structural support to DNA and RNA. The phosphate bridge is very unique and stable. DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. DNA error correction involves immediate proofreading during replication. DNA repair is a highly complex system in the cell. About 20 nucleobases could have been used for DNA and RNA. Yet only 5 are used. The 5 used are the optimal set properties for life. Optimal bonding with phosphate backbone. Lowest UV damage. Best repair and error detection. This gives optimal pairing. DNA is very stable. DNA has resilience in the double helix structure. DNA-protein binding is the physical interaction between proteins and DNA. Allows reading of DNA. Allows copying of DNA (transcription) and genes regulation. Gene regulation controls when, where, and how much a gene (segment of DNA) is expressed. Each is very fine-tuned. Ext. Link to DNA photo. Ext Link to DNA - RNA photo

Information Flow in Cell: DNA to RNA to Proteins (protein synthesis). DNA to DNA (DNA replication). DNA to RNA (Code transcription). RNA to DNA (Reverse transcription - viruses)

DNA gene expression is the fundamental process where DNA instructions are converted into functional products, primarily proteins, driving cellular structure, function, and adaptation. It involves two main steps: transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein). Regulation occurs at multiple levels, controlling when and how much of a gene product is made. Transcription is very complex as DNA expression activators are proteins or molecules that turn on gene expression by promoting the transcription of DNA into RNA. DNA expression enchantments are short, non-coding regulatory sequences in DNA that act as "molecular switches" to increase the rate of transcription of specific genes, making Transcription even more complex. Making Transcription more complex is Transcription factors (TFs) are specialized proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences (promoters or enhancers) to turn genes on or off. By controlling the transcription of DNA into mRNA, they dictate cellular development, differentiation, and responses to stimuli. TFs often function as dimers and act as "master regulators" of cellular processes. They function by binding specialized proteins called transcription factors (activators), which subsequently recruit coactivators and RNA polymerase II to the gene promoter.

The cell membrane is a semipermeable barrier surrounding all cells, controlling what enters and exits the cell, and separating the cell's interior from its environment. Proteins of the cell membrane regulate the traffic of material into and out of the cell, like nutrients in and waste out. Cell membrane is very complex and is highly fine-tuned for life.

Ext. Link to Photo of Cell Membrane

Metabolism is the complex set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in a cell and in your body that converts food into energy for vital functions, growth, and repair, involving the breaking down of molecules (catabolism) and building new ones (anabolism). The cell's metabolic pathways are very complex. Here are just three: Krebs cycle (TCA) (Nutrients to ATP). Glycolysis (glucose into pyruvate). Electron transport chain (ETC). Metabolic pathways are highly complex operations that show signs of the Anthropic Principle.

Ext. link to Cellular respiration Ext. Link to ETC Photo Ext. Link to the TCA Cycle

Sugars: All life uses exclusively "right-handed" (D-form) sugars to build molecules like DNA and RNA. This preference is known as homochirality. Sugars exist in left-handed and right-handed versions, yet cells only use right-handed version. Ext. Link to photo of L and D Sugars

Amazing designs: Motor proteins (specifically kinesin and dynein) are biological machines that "walk" along cellular tracks (microtubules) to transport cargo like vesicles and organelles. Powered by hydrolysis, they take step-by-step, hand-over-hand movements, with kinesin generally moving towards the cell's periphery. Cell membrane pumps are defined as proteins that facilitate the active transport of ions and molecules across the cell membrane, requiring significant energy to maintain cellular function and protect against external environments. V-ATPases pumps (Vacuolar-type ATPases) are essential, ATP-dependent rotary proton pumps found in eukaryotic cell membranes. The bacterial flagellar motor is a complex molecular machine that powers the rotation of the flagellar filament to enable cell movement. It is a transmembrane structure consisting of a rotor and stator units, driven by an ion motive force (protons or sodium ions) at near-100% efficiency. Ext. Link to Motor Proteins walking photo Ext Link to Cell pumps photo Ext. Link to V-ATp Pump Photo. Ext link to bacterial flagellar motor

Chemistry Anthropic Principle: Was it an accident that stars in the universe would produce the precise elements in the precise qualities required for life? Due to these requirements, the Anthropic Cosmological Principle and the Chemistry Anthropic Principle cojoin. All Biochemistry systems studied are highly optimized. Many of the systems are highly unusual and unique. There are other pathways that could have been used, but the one used is unusual, yet ideally suited for life.

For we are God’s handiwork, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do. Ephesians 2:10

In general scientists are uncomfortable discussing the metaphysical (theological) implications of Chemistry's Anthropic Principle and Biochemistry's Anthropic Principle that show evidence of design. This is partly because of the influence that methodological naturalism has on science.

To Barrow and Tipler's credit, they understood the evidence of design in the universe was too great to ignore. Before there was life in the universe, the universe was preparing the elements needed for carbon based life. Planning and forethought are signs of a mind. This is compelling evidence for the Creator, found in the Bible. As the origins of the universe have implication to its design and purpose, the origins of life also have implication to its design and purpose. At this time, after years of study and research, no reasonable naturalistic model for the origins of life has been found. A path to a naturalistic life model is the most scientific mystery. To this end, prebiotic chemistry has become its own field of study.

Human Body: Has over 37 trillion cells. Bones are cells. Produce around 330 billion cells a day. 3.8 million cells are replaced every single second. Shed over 1 billion skin cells every day. Longest nerve cell: from the spine to the big toe. Most of the brain cells you have will be with you your whole life. Over 200 distinct cell types. DNA Length: 3 feet long, unfolded. Your cells type have unique shapes. Muscle Cells can contract in size. White Blood Cells are mobile cells that attack (eat) bacteria and pathogens. Platelets cells fragments to form blood clotting. Red blood cells are made in your bones and take oxygen to all the other cells in your body. The two kidneys filter approximately 50 gallons of blood every day. Intestines are approximately 20 to 25 feet long. The heart beats approximately 100,000 times per day. This Heart pumps about 2,000 gallons of blood throughout the body and lungs a day. The liver filters more than 250 gallons a day. The spleen filters approximately 92 gallons of blood daily. The lymphatic system filters approximately 1 gallon of lymph fluid per day. You take about 20,000 to 25,000 breaths a day.

The human genome, which is the complete set of genetic instructions, contains approximately 3.2 to 3.5 billion "letters" in each cell. These letters represent the sequence of nucleotides—Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C)—arranged in a specific order within the DNA structure. These letters store the information to build your human body.

Psalm 139:14 I praise you because I am fearfully and wonderfully made; your works are wonderful, I know that full well.

Psalm 139:13 For you created my inmost being; you knit me together in my mother’s womb.

Matthew 10:30 And even the very hairs of your head are all numbered. (God knows and loves you.)

Ephesians 2:10 For we are God’s handiwork, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do. (Anthropic Principle).

Then where is an Atheist to go?

With the design of life and the complete universe from its creation (Big Bang) to today, all fine-tuned for life as the Bible stated thousands of years ago (3,500 BC to 90 AD (CE), where is an atheist to escape to ? 1) Abanding the law of cuase and effect, some say life cuase the univeres to be the way it it, this is a form of eastern mysticism. The universe has some kind of "mind" or consciousness. 2) The observer is the creation, again abandoning the law of cause and effect. 3) There are many universes, see the Multiverse page.

Also see Why so Vast page

See Anthropic Principle page

Ref:

https://phys.org/news/2024-06-marine-cyanobacteria-communicate-membrane-nanotubes.html

https://philpapers.org/rec/GIBTAP-7

https://explainingscience.org/2018/05/25/the-anthropic-principle/

Hideharu Kuwahara et al., “The Use of Ascorbate as an Oxidation Inhibitor in Prebiotic Amino Acid Synthesis: A Cautionary Note,” Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 42 (December 2012): 533–41.

https://reasons.org/explore/publications/articles/origin-of-life-experiment-going-from-bad-to-worse

Gleiser has appeared in many television documentaries and written three best-selling books: The Dancing Universe: From Creation Myths to the Big Bang (1998); The Prophet and the Astronomer: Apocalyptic Science and the End of the World (2003); and A Tear at the Edge of Creation: A Radical New Vision for Life in an Imperfect Universe (2010). In his native country he is as famous as Carl Sagan ever was in the United States.

Creating Life in the Lab: How New Discoveries in Synthetic Biology Make a Case for the Creator by Fazale Rana (New discoveries in synthetic biology make a case for the Creator. This shows that undirected chemical processes cannot produce a living entity. )

Origins of Life: Biblical and Evolutionary Models Face Off by Fazale Rana and Hugh Ross (A look at life evolutionary models. A testable creation model for life. A look at the scientific evidence.)

The Cell's Design: How Chemistry Reveals the Creator's Artistry by Fazale Rana, BS in Chemistry, PhD in Chemistry with an emphasis in Biochemistry. (Biochemists have unwittingly uncovered startling molecular features inside the cell that compel only one possible conclusion--a supernatural agent must be responsible for life.)

Fit For a Purpose: Does the Anthropic Principle Include Biochemistry? By Fazale Rana (Nearly a half a century after the introduction of the idea that humanity lives in a universe at the just-right location, the just-right time, and with the just-right physical constants, the anthropic principle continues to gain acceptance among astronomers and astrophysicists. Few scientists question the fine-tuning of the numerical quantities that define the universe._ In Fit For a Purpose, biochemist Fazale Rana, pushes the boundaries of the anthropic principle beyond cosmology. In Fit For a Purpose, Fazale Rana invites you to discover the world of chemical and biochemical fine-tuning. If the universe is fit for life, and biochemical systems are fit for their role in life, is it possible that everything is "fit for a purpose"? Yes.

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  2. Fred Hoyle, Geoffrey Burbidge, and Jayant V. Narlikar, A Different Approach to Cosmology: From a Static Universe through the Big Bang towards Reality (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

  3. S. G. Coulson and N. C. Wickramasinghe, “IR Spectrometry of Coals,” in Frontiers of Life, Proceedings of the XIIth Recontres de Blois, edited by L. M. Ceinikier and J. Tran Thanh Van (2000): 233–236.

  4. Fred Hoyle and N. Chandra Wickramasinghe, Evolution from Space: A Theory of Cosmic Creationism (London: J. M. Dent, 1981); Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe, Why Neo-Darwinism Does Not Work (Cardiff, UK: University College Cardiff Press, 1982).

  5. Fazale Rana and Hugh Ross, Origins of Life: Biblical and Evolutionary Models Face Off (Covina, CA: RTB Press, 2014), 206–209.

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  7. Cameron Thacker et al., “H-ATLAS: The Cosmic Abundance of Dust from the Far-Infrared Background Power Spectrum,” Astrophysical Journal 768, no. 1 (April 15, 2013): id. 58, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/58.

  8. Anthony J. Remijan et al., “A Survey of Large Molecules toward the Proto-Planetary Nebula CRL 618,” Astrophysical Journal 626, no. 1 (June 10, 2005): 233–244, doi:10.1086/429750; L. E. Synder et al., “A Rigorous Attempt to Verify Interstellar Glycine,” Astrophysical Journal 619, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 914–930, doi:10.1086/426677; Yi-Jehng Kuan et al., “A Search for Interstellar Pyrimidine,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 345, no. 2 (October 21, 2003): 650–656, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06975.x; Hugh Ross, “No Prebiotics in Proto-Planetary Nebulae,” Today’s New Reason to Believe (blog), Reasons to Believe, August 7, 2005.

  9. Edward J. Steele et al., “Cause of Cambrian Explosion—Terrestrial or Cosmic?” Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 136 (August 2018): 18, doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.03.004.

  10. Steele et al., “Cause of Cambrian Explosion,” 18.

  11. Fred Hoyle, Geoffrey Burbidge, and Jayant V. Narlikar, A Different Approach to Cosmology: From a Static Universe through the Big Bang towards Reality (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

  12. S. G. Coulson and N. C. Wickramasinghe, “IR Spectrometry of Coals,” in Frontiers of Life, Proceedings of the XIIth Recontres de Blois, edited by L. M. Ceinikier and J. Tran Thanh Van (2000): 233–236.

  13. Fred Hoyle and N. Chandra Wickramasinghe, Evolution from Space: A Theory of Cosmic Creationism (London: J. M. Dent, 1981); Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe, Why Neo-Darwinism Does Not Work (Cardiff, UK: University College Cardiff Press, 1982).

  14. Ross, Designed to the Core.

  15. Fazale Rana and Hugh Ross, Origins of Life: Biblical and Evolutionary Models Face Off (Covina, CA: RTB Press, 2014), 206–209.

  16. C. Y. Kuo et al., “The Megamaser Cosmology Project. V. An Angular-Diameter Distance to NGC 6264 at 140 Mpc,” Astrophysical Journal 767, no. 2 (April 20, 2013): id. 155, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/2/155; J. A. Braatz et al., “The Megamaser Cosmology Project. II. The Angular-Diameter Distance to UGC 3789,” Astrophysical Journal 718, no. 2 (August 1, 2010): 657–665, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/718/2/657; J. R. Herrnstein et al., “A Geometric Distance to the Galaxy NGC4258 from Orbital Motions in a Nuclear Gas Disk,” Nature 400 (August 5, 1999): 539–541, doi:10.1038/22972; A. L. Argon et al., “Toward a New Geometric Distance to the Active Galaxy NGC 4258. I. VLBI Monitoring of Water Maser Emission,” Astrophysical Journal 659, no. 2 (April 20, 2007): 1040–1062, doi:10.1086/512718.

  17. Cameron Thacker et al., “H-ATLAS: The Cosmic Abundance of Dust from the Far-Infrared Background Power Spectrum,” Astrophysical Journal 768, no. 1 (April 15, 2013): id. 58, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/58.

  18. Anthony J. Remijan et al., “A Survey of Large Molecules toward the Proto-Planetary Nebula CRL 618,” Astrophysical Journal 626, no. 1 (June 10, 2005): 233–244, doi:10.1086/429750; L. E. Synder et al., “A Rigorous Attempt to Verify Interstellar Glycine,” Astrophysical Journal 619, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 914–930, doi:10.1086/426677; Yi-Jehng Kuan et al., “A Search for Interstellar Pyrimidine,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 345, no. 2 (October 21, 2003): 650–656, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06975.x; Hugh Ross, “No Prebiotics in Proto-Planetary Nebulae,” Today’s New Reason to Believe (blog), Reasons to Believe, August 7, 2005.

  19. Crisogono Vasconcelos and Judith A. McKenzie, “Sulfate Reducers— Dominant Players in a Low-Oxygen World?” Science 290 (2000), 1711-12.

  20. Matthias Labrenz et al., “Formation of Sphalerite (ZnS) Deposits in Natural Biofilms of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria,” Science 290 (2000), 1744-47.

  21. Allen P. Nutman et al., “Rapid Emergence of Life Shown by Discovery of 3,700-Million-Year-Old Microbial Structures,” Nature, published electronically August 31, 2016, doi:10.1038/nature19355.

  22. For a detailed discussion of this discovery and its implications for the creation/evolution controversy, listen to “Fossils Indicate Early Life Was Metabolically Complex and Diverse,” Apologia (Ex Libris), podcast audio, August 31, 2016, https://www.reasons.org/podcasts/apologia-premium/fossils-indicate-early-life-was-metabolically-complex-and-diverse.

  23. J. William Schopf, Cradle of Life: The Discovery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 3.

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